Edisi kedua kamus demografi Bahasa Indonesian

Translation into Indonesian of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary is an ongoing process.

901

Bagian dari teori kependudukan (105-1)berkaitan dengan determinan dan konsekuensi sosial dan ekonomi dari pertumbuhan pendudduk. Pada masa lalu, teori kependudukan lebih berfokus pada hubungan antara jumlah penduduk dan sumberdaya¹, contohnya, berbagai sarana yang tersedia untuk mempertahankan kehidupan penduduk, atau produksi², terciptanya sarana dan servis. Sekarang, penekanan dari teori kependudukan sudah mulai bergeser pada hubungan antara pertumbuhan penduduk (701-1)dan komponen-komponen kependudukan, danpertumbuhan ekonomi (903-1), terutama yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi³, tabungan⁴, investasi⁵ dan pasar kerja⁶.

902

The advantages yielded may be economic in character and in that case it is an economic optimum⁵.

Hubungan antara besarnya jumlah penduduk dan resources mengarah pada konsep kelebihan penduduk¹dan kekurangan penduduk². Istilah-istilah tersebut didefinisikan hanya bila dikaitkan dengan yang sudah ditentukan. Bila jumlah penduduk yang besar atau kecil memberikan keuntungan-keuntungan, hal tingkat pembangunan³ ini disebut sebagai jumlah penduduk optimal⁴, atau singkatnya kadang disebut optimal⁴. Dalam hal ini keuntungannya bisa dalam bidang ekonomi sehingga dalam hal ini disebut sebagai ekonomi optimum. Diskusi tentang ekonomi yang optimum umumnya dilanjutakan dengan kesejahteraan ekonomi, tetapi karena sulit untuk member bukti empiric, maka digunakan istilah tingkat kehidupan atau standard kehidupan. Hal ini diperkirakan dengan pendapatan nasional perkapita yang sesungguhnya (real national income percapita), contohnya banyaknya sarana dan prasarana (goods and servicews) yang dihasilakan dalam kurun waktu tertentu (atau sama dengan pendapatan uang yang disesuakan dengan bervariasinya daya beli dibagi dengan jumlah penduduk pada saat itu.

• 1. Overpopulation, kata benda – overpopulation, kata sifat
• 2. Underpopulation, kata benda – underpopulation, kata sifat
• 5. Ada juga penulis-penulis yang menggunakan konsep power optimum dan social optimum atau economic optimum
• 6. Penggunaan “standard kehidupan” dibatasi oleh para ekonom yang berarti tujuan-tujuan yang diterima atau kebutuhan-kebutuhan yang diketahui, yang bertentangan dengan tingkat kehidupan yang sebenarnya dicapai. Ahli-ahli lain menggunakan istilah ini secara silih berganti.
• 7. Pengukuran-pengukuran lain seperti gross national product per capita, juga digunakan. "Per capita", walaupun secara tatat bahasa tidak benar, juga digunakan istilah “per kepala”.

903

Economists have emphasized the dynamic relations between economic growth¹ or economic development¹ and rates of population growth and changes in population structure; they are less interested today in the static concept of an optimum size, than in the dynamic concept of the optimum rate of growth² of population, i.e., the rate of growth which will be consistent with the maximum rate of increase of the level of living. These relations are of particular concern in countries with a low level of living, which have come to be called less developed countries³ or developing countries³.

• 3. Also: underdeveloped countries or low-income countries. They are commonly contrasted with the developed countries, or more developed countries.

904

The maximum population¹ of a territory, sometimes called its carrying capacity¹, is generally understood in an absolute sense to mean the largest number of persons that could be sustained under specified conditions; but is sometimes used to denote the largest number that could be supported at an assumed standard of living. Conversely, the minimum population² is generally taken to be the smallest number of persons in an area which is consistent with group survival³.

905

The term population pressure¹ is linked to concepts relating the size of the population and the resources (901-1) available. To say that this pressure is strong or weak in a certain area is to suggest that the population of the area is near or far from the maximum consistent with the resources which are available. According to Malthusian population theory², so called after its originator, Thomas Malthus, there will inevitably be pressure of population on the means of subsistence³. Any change in the volume of available means of subsistence would generate population growth (701-1) until population equilibrium⁴ would again be attained when the level of living had reached a subsistence level⁵, i.e., a level just sufficient to maintain life. The equilibrium would be maintained by the elimination of any Templat:NewTextTerm either through positive checks⁶, sometimes known as Malthusian checks⁶ (famine, pestilence and war), or through the preventive check⁷ of moral restraint⁸ consisting of postponement of marriage⁹, coupled with abstinence from sexual relations before marriage.

• 6. and 7. The terms positive check and preventive check in English are generally used only with reference to the doctrines of Malthus.

906

Although the term Malthusianism¹ originally refers to the theories of Malthus, it is often used today to denote the doctrine that a check in the rate of population growth is desirable. Neo-Malthusianism², whilst accepting the desirability of checking population growth, advocates that such restriction should be achieved through the use of birth control methods (627-3).

• 1. Malthusianism, n. - Malthusian, adj.: conforming to the doctrines of Malthus. The terms are sometimes used mistakenly to refer to the advocacy of family planning programs to solve economic problems.

907

The process of transition from a situation in which both fertility and mortality were relatively high to one in which they are relatively low which has been observed in many countries, is called the demographic transition¹ or population transition¹. In the process of moving from a pre-transitional stage² to a post-transitional stage³, there is typically a lag between the declines of mortality and fertility, so that a stage of transitional growth⁴ of population results. Economists have studied changes in productivity⁵, i.e., production per member of the labor force, or per head of the population, associated with this transitional period.

• 1. Sometimes called the vital revolution. A further distinction is made between the fertility transition and the mortality transition. The theory of the demographic transition associates historical changes in vital rates with socio-economic transformations attending the process of industrialization and urbanization.